European alternatives to Duolingo

Duolingo is the most widely used language-learning app. It offers courses in about 40 languages, from Spanish and French to Hawaiian, Navajo and Klingon, and every course is free on iOS, Android and the web. Lessons are a few minutes long and built as games, with points, streaks and weekly leaderboards that reward daily practice, and spaced repetition to bring words back before they are forgotten. Super Duolingo and Duolingo Max are paid upgrades on top of the free courses. The app also teaches music, maths and chess.

The free tier is what any alternative has to answer. The European apps below sell structured courses by subscription and let you try only part of them for nothing.